The First Malay English Dictionary"This bizarre lexicographical curiosity" A story leading to birth of the first genuine Malay English dictionary may be enlightening to the question: Do you worship the dictionary as the ultimate authority? It was more than 200 years ago, a time when English colonialists needed the service of a bilingual Malay English dictionary in a Malay-speaking realm. They had one...full of spelling mistakes in the Malay version. Not all the spellings were wrong, actually, some were correct...by chance. By the way, the Malay words were not spelled according to Malay but to Persian language. Oh dear! Was it possible to figure out the Malay words by relying on the explanation in English? Probably, but the content was almost an exact replica of another dictionary printed 100 years earlier! How could anyone make a dictionary like that? Readers could easily find his name on it and that would be shameful. However, the person who lent his name to this dictionary was apparently not involved in the production. " This bizarre lexicographical curiosity", was the conclusion of a writer after examining it and added "it would be interesting to discover more about the precise role and motive of the gentlemen who presumably funded the republication of an old dictionary under another person's name." How long did the service of this dictionary with a long title-Howison's A Dictionary of the Malay Tongue, as spoken in the Peninsula of Malacca...English and Malay, and Malay and English, last? Eleven years until the publication of William Marsden's fine Malay English dictionary in 1812. The Dublin-born English Orientalist Marsden was the first person who devoted more pages and prominence in his Malay English dictionary to the Malay-English part, shifting focus to study of Malay rather than English. Thus he deserves the credit of compiling the first Malay English dictionary. How did Marsden's work fare during an era in which Dutch scholars were considered the best in the study of Malay language and had already translated the Bible into Malay? Despite separation of the Malay world after the Anglo-Dutch Treaty 1824, the government of the Netherlands arranged for Marsden's dictionary and grammar to be translated into Dutch and French. That said a lot about the Dutch's esteem. Naturally, the English welcomed the service of a good dictionary for a change. Marsden's dictionary remained a respected reference tool only to be superseded by Wilkinson's dictionary a century later. No doubt Marsden put in a lot of effort. Modern dictionaries can still learn from his Malay English dictionary. For example, instead of just listing forms of derived words under their respective root words, Marsden had separate entries for the derived words with cross references to the root words - a helpful feature for foreign learners. His discussion on the sources of Jawi considered by many to be an adapted form of Arabic in the preface is still a recommended reading material and a delight for serious students. On the other hand, Howison's dictionary demonstrated the universality and subtleness of plagiarism. While dictionaries are obliged to be the authority in language learning, they are not infallible even under the protection of copyright laws today. Do you notice a lot of similarities among different brands of Bahasa Malaysia dictionaries and how difficult it is to find a different angle of explaining a word? May the user use his discernment.
Who is Marsden? William Marsden ( 1754 -1836 ) was a retired navy officer in Hertfordshire when he began to work on Grammar and Dictionary of the Malay Language. Prior to this, he had published The History of Sumatra , which brought him recognition as a scholar. He acquired his knowledge of Malay language during his eight years spent in Sumatra as a young man with his elder brother,John. If you think this makes his dictionary pro-Indonesian then you may be surprised to note that he somehow chose to use the dialects of Peninsular Malaysia as the standard of pronunciation in his dictionary. Marsden was fond of collecting Malay manuscripts-which of course were put to good use in his writings. In the introduction to his malay grammar, he quoted from the manuscripts to derive meanings of words. I learnt a lot about the actual meaning of "Jawi" from there. He discussed the probability of jawi being a derivative of Java and at least four other different meanings. Finally, he quoted Raffles who said that "jahwi" is a term for anything mixed or crossed. For example, a child of mixed race is "anak jahwi". The Malay language written in Arabic character is therefore, termed "b'hasa jahwi." In Wan's own words, Marsden is someone who can still give you solid information about the Malay language, today.
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